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Glossaire des termes rencontrés en biotechnologie
| Auteur | Marie-Catherine Chemtob-Concé |
| Occupation de l'auteur | Docteur en droit de l’université Paris II (Panthéon-Assas), maître de conférences des universités UFR de médecine et pharmacie de Rouen université de Rouen |
| Pages | 227-229 |
Page 227
ADN : acide désoxyribonucléique.605
ARN : acide ribonucléique.
Anti-oncogène : gène suppresseur de cancer s'exprimant à l'état normal de manière dominante.
Banque : collection de clones cellulaires (bactéries, levures) où chaque cellule renferme un exemplaire différent d'ADN recombiné à un vecteur.
Capside : emballage protéique des génomes viraux.
Clonage cellulaire : isolement d'une cellule et de sa descendance pour former une lignée cellulaire provenant d'un seul ancêtre.
Clonage moléculaire : recombinaison in vitro d'un gène, et, par extension, d'un fragment d'ADN codant ou non, avec un vecteur se répliquant de manière autonome à l'intérieur d'une cellule hôte. La culture de cette cellule contenant le vecteur recombiné permet l'isolement de l'ADN inséré à l'état pur et en quantités illimitées.
Codon : triplet nucléotidique de l'ARNm représentant un acide aminé donné (codon signifiant) ou un signal de fin de traduction (codon non-sens). Sur les 64 combinaisons possibles entre adénine, uridine, cytosine et guanine il y a 61 codons signifiants codant les 20 acides aminés précurseurs des protéines, et 3 codons non-sens. Par extension désigne dans l'ADN les triplets nucléotidiques complémentaires de ceux présents sur le brin qui est transcrit en ARNm.
Complémentarité : règle universelle d'appariement des bases des acides nucléiques, selon laquelle l'adénine s'associe avec la thymidine (ou uridine) et la guanine avec la cytosine.
Cosmide : vecteur plasmidique qui permet le clonage de grands fragments d'ADN (jusqu'à 45 kb).
Délétion : perte d'une ou plusieurs paires de bases consécutives sans rupture de continuité de la molécule d'ADN.
Dénaturation (d'un acide nucléique) : passage de la forme double-brin d'un acide nucléique à sa...
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