Introduction
Auteur | Gabrièle Rasse |
Occupation de l'auteur | Doctorante, pôle Cindyniques , École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris |
La maîtrise de l'urbanisation par l'élaboration de plans de prévention des risques naturels ou technologiques est l'une des composantes de la politique publique française de prévention des risques majeurs.
Lorsque qu'un événement potentiellement dangereux, appelé aléa, peut survenir dans une zone où des enjeux humains, économiques ou environnementaux sont présents, il devient un risque.
Le risque constitue donc une « potentialité ». Il ne se « réalise qu'à travers « l'événement accidentel », c'est-à-dire à travers la réunion et la réalisation d'un certain nombre de conditions et la conjonction d'un certain nombre de circonstances qui conduisent, d'abord, à l'apparition d'un (ou plusieurs) élément(s) initiateur(s) qui permettent, ensuite, le développement et la propagation de phénomènes permettant au « danger » de s'exprimer, en donnant lieu d'abord à l'apparition d'effets et ensuite en portant atteinte à un (ou plusieurs) élément(s) vulnérable(s) »3.
Lorsque le risque peut déboucher sur une catastrophe qui se caractérise par de nombreuses victimes, un coût important de dégâts matériels et des impacts sur l'environnement, il est qualifié de « majeur ». Haroun Tazieff en donnait la définition suivante : « le risque majeur, c'est la menace sur l'homme et son environnement direct, sur ses installations, la menace dont la gravité est telle que la société se trouve absolument dépassée par l'immensité du désastre »4.
Le risque majeur peut être naturel (feu de forêts, inondation, glissement de terrain, séisme...) ou technologique (incendie, explosion, émanation de gaz toxique...). Cette dichotomie traditionnelle entre risques d'origine naturelle et risques d'origine anthropique tend cependant à s'atténuer. En effet, le risque naturel est en réalité de moins en moins naturel, en ce que la part anthropique y apparaît croissante. Ainsi, les conséquences du changement climatique ou de l'imperméabilisation des sols par exemple se traduisent-elles par une augmentation incontestable de la fréquence et de l'amplitude des phénomènes météorologiques. Inversement, s'agissant des catastrophes technologiques, si elles sont le fait de l'homme, la nature peut également y apporter sa part en accentuant voire en provoquant les catastrophes technologiques (foudre, vitesse du vent...).
Face à ces...
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