Introduction
Auteur | Valérie Sansévérino-Godfrin |
Occupation de l'auteur | Docteur en droit, enseignant-chercheur pôle Cyndiniques - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris |
Pages | X-XIII |
Jusqu'au XVIIIe siècle, les catastrophes naturelles étaient considérées comme des châtiments divins, sanctionnant les fautes commises par les hommes4. Le siècle des Lumières remet en cause cette conception religieuse et initie le développement de l'approche scientifique des phénomènes. Progressivement, les risques naturels ne vont plus être vécus comme une fatalité et ce changement de perception a pour conséquence un développement des connaissances sur les phénomènes et l'émergence du concept contemporain de risque. Les risques naturels vont ainsi être envisagés comme des phénomènes, dont la probabilité d'occurrence peut être déterminée d'après une rationalité mathématique. Il s'agit d'une évolution qui va conditionner la définition du concept de risque5 et l'orientation de la politique de prévention des risques naturels et de son cadre juridique.
La potentialité de la survenance d'événements plus ou moins graves comme les risques naturels a été appréhendé par le dispositif juridique. En effet, ce type de risques a progressivement été perçu comme un fait créant un désordre, un trouble social. Or, la finalité du droit est d'intervenir en vue de réguler les rapports sociaux, de manière à maintenir la sécurité et l'ordre publics, à prévenir et à corriger les déséquilibres qui peuvent survenir dans la société ou du moins à faire en sorte que ces déséquilibres ne perturbent pas la stabilité sociale. La recherche de cet équilibre conduit à mettre en place un dispositif de prévention polymorphe, relatif à la connaissance, à la surveillance des phénomènes (dispositifs pour connaître et prévoir les aléas et déclencher les alertes), aux actions de mitigation (mesures de protection pour diminuer la vulnérabilité des enjeux6 humains), au contrôle de l'occupation du sol (insertion du risque dans la planification urbaine),
La responsabilité de la prévention des risques naturels relève fondamentalement des autorités publiques, qui, en tant que garantes de l'ordre public, doivent maintenir la sécurité et protéger les personnes et les...
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