Conclusion générale
Auteur | Valérie Sansévérino-Godfrin |
Occupation de l'auteur | Docteur en droit, enseignant-chercheur pôle Cyndiniques École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris |
Pages | 65-67 |
Page 65
La politique de prévention des risques naturels s'inscrit dans un cadre juridique récent, qui s'est considérablement étoffé depuis le début des années 1980. En effet, depuis la loi du 13 juillet 1982, l'arsenal des dispositions juridiques s'appliquant dans le domaine de la prévention des risques naturels ne cesse de croître, au point d'en faire un droit foisonnant, de plus en plus technique. Les orientations de cette politique et les actions à mettre en œuvre sont donc issues d'un droit « jeune », encore en construction. Il se bâtit au fur à mesure qu'apparaissent des lacunes, la survenance de catastrophes naturelles permettant d'ailleurs de les révéler. Par exemple, la loi du 2 février 1995 instaurant les PPR, a été promulguée suite aux inondations de l'hiver 1994 (notamment Sud-Est et Île-de-France) ; les dispositions concernant les risques naturels contenus dans la loi du 30 juillet 2003, en particulier le dispositif relatif aux inondations (servitude, surveillance des cours d'eaux, alerte) répondent aux constats de lacunes dressés après les inondations de la Somme de mars à juin 2001.
La jeunesse de ce droit peut donc le faire apparaître comme un droit incomplet mais aussi immature, faute de recul permettant de juger de l'efficacité réelle des dispositions applicables. Il est par exemple difficile d'affirmer à l'heure actuelle que les mesures de prévention imposées par le biais des PPR conduisent véritablement à réduire l'impact des événements naturels et donc de réduire les dommages susceptibles de se produire. Les réformes apportées par les lois de 1995 et 2003 montrent qu'il s'agit d'un droit qui tâtonne et qui tente de trouver des solutions, de corriger le dispositif au coup par coup, en fonction des événements.
Par ailleurs, il s'agit d'un cadre juridique, composé d'un ensemble de dispositions qui peuvent paraître juxtaposées, voire manquant de lien entre elles et qui semblent peiner à trouver leur cohérence à travers un fil directeur. En effet, l'analyse du dispositif témoigne d'une absence de notions ou de concepts fondamentaux susceptibles de constituer le ciment de cette branche du droit de l'environnement.
Néanmoins, la référence de plus en plus fréquente à la vulnérabilité dans les différents textes juridiques, interroge sur les orientations de la politique dePage 66prévention des risques et sur une éventuelle évolution de son cadre juridique. La vulnérabilité est un concept commun à d'autres disciplines...
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